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An- other macrophage-based cell therapy, which is under clinical investigation for the treatment of congestive heart failure and critical limb ischemia, is Ixmyelocel-T, a mixture of autologous macrophages and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from a patient's bone mar- row mononuclear cells and expanded in culture over 14 days [52-54].
Gibran, Mesenchymal stem cells: paracrine signaling and differ- entiation during cutaneous wound repair, Exp.
Wu, Paracrine factors of mesenchymal stem cells recruit macrophages and endothelial lineage cells and enhance wound healing, PLoS One 3 (4) (2008), e1886.
These include endogenous M1 attenuation, exogenous M2 supplementation and endogenous macrophage modulation/M2 promotion via mesenchymal stem cells, growth factors, biomaterials, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, and oxygen therapy.
Current experimental therapies that are being investigated for their potential to promote wound healing macrophages include mesenchymal stem cells, growth factors, biomaterials, and more (Table 3).
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